The Yew Tree (amended)

In a recent blog ('Fooled again', 25 January) I had stated that the Scots Pine was one of only two native evergreen trees in Britain. Wrong! I had unaccountably overlooked what is arguably the most interesting of them all, the Yew, Taxus baccata. A multitude of myths, legends and superstitions are associated with this tree and anyone so inclined can find many of them recounted on the internet. The most outrageous legend I know concerns an ancient yew in Scotland. Apparently a label affixed to it suggests that the young Pontius Pilate may once have sat in its shade (Ref. 1). (It seems that Britain liked to create links with biblical characters; one recalls the belief that Joseph of Arimathea accompanied Christ on a visit to Glastonbury.)
Neither a flowering tree or with any obvious cones the yew is nevertheless grouped with the conifers even though its ovules are borne singly and therefore do not form cones. It is not regarded as native to Northamptonshire but everyone is familiar with it through its presence in churchyards. I gather it even has its own local common name - 'Snotball' - apparently for the form of its berry-like fruits (Ref. 2). Despite being an alien in our county we can boast one of Britain's finest specimens. The wonderful tree in Helmdon churchyard, about which I blogged some five years ago, is reputed to be 1700 years old, but it must be said that ancient yews are very difficult to date. (A branch of a yew in Borrowdale was torn off during a storm in 1998; this was shown by dendrochronology to be 1500 years old - but this was just a limb and the tree itself may be much older. (Ref 4))
Can we be sure that Yew is not native in Northamptonshire? Briefly, no, but it seems very unlikely. Druce (Ref. 3) described it as 'a doubtful native of the county'. I suppose it depends how far you go back. After all, Norway Spruce was native to Britain before the last Ice Age wiped it out - but there is no point in pursuing that line of thought. In short, we cannot be certain.
I was reminded of this during a visit to Byfield earlier today. There are yews in the churchyard there but most of them are examples of the upright Irish Yew, Taxus baccata cv. fastigiata.

A fastigiate yew in Byfield Churchyard. 30 January, 2018

Pleasingly these Byfield yews do bear fruit and the numerous young yew trees in Byfield Pocket Park are quite likely to be their bird-sown progeny.

References


1. Quoted in Tudge, C. (2005) The Secret Life of Trees  Penguin Books


2. Gent, G and Wilson, R (2012) The Flora of Northamptonshire and the Soke of Peterborough. Botanical Society of the British Isles


3. Druce, G.C (1930) The Flora of Northamptonshire  Buncle & Co


4. Pankhurst, M., A'Hara, S. and Cottrell, J. (2015) The Fraternal Four British Wildlife, Vol 26 p. 178

Tussocking

The rain of the morning faded away to give an afternoon of bright sunshine so I seized the chance to visit Mat Moser's land, specifically the area around the radio mast on Newnham Hill. It is part of the air traffic control system for the U.K. and. with the summit of the hill at 201 metres it is well positioned.

Air Traffic Control beacon, Newnham Hill. 29 January, 2018

In fact, after a quick look around I decided that the habitats on offer were not of great interest (the woodland shown in the photograph was fenced off and not part of Matt's land). I decided instead to investigate some grassy tussocks near to the windmill. While I prepared my surveying kit the local sheep came over to survey me.  After several visits are they now getting to recognise me?

Hi Tony! What are you up to? Sheep on Newnham Hill.

29 January, 2018

I explained what I was planning to do and they turned away in disgust, at least one depositing a steaming little parcel near to my feet. 'Spiders? Baa! Humbug!' Despite feeling a little hurt by their attitude I persevered and was soon dismembering likely-looking sods. 

Spiders? Wow, how exciting - not!

I wasn't anticipating great invertebrate riches but was moderately pleased by my haul. In July I'd have been disappointed but the total is at least growing with today's findings raising the number of species to 36 with the addition of two more beetles, a ground bug and a couple of spiders.

Harbingers of spring

January is almost over and I tell myself that spring is almost here. But realism and experience also tell me that winter is far from done and it could yet deliver a nasty bite. Nevertheless a brilliant morning sun drew me into the garden and showed me a few early treasures.
A small clump of Cretan Crocus, Crocus sieberi, has been in bud for a few days but today it finally burst open, Ishtar-like, to flaunt its naughty bits.

In our front garden on Daventry's Stefen Hill, Crocus sieberi has plucked up

courage to bloom. 28 January, 2018



Not to be outdone, a few paces away a little patch of Crocus chrysanthus, was also in bloom. Both it and C. sieberi have quite a wide range in the Balkans, Turkey and Greece but only the latter makes if as far as Crete, where apparently it can be very common.

Not to be outdone, Crocus chrysanthus has followed suit...

 

Occupying a similar range, but going further north-east into Russia, is Iris reticulata. It has no common name but is sometimes referred to as the 'Netted Iris'. Certainly the fibrous sheath covering the bulbs is reticulate (netted) but this delightful plant really deserves a more attractive name.


...and Iris reticulata joins the show. Our front garden at Stefen Hill, Daventry.

28 January, 201

Oddly enough crocuses are members of the Iris Family, Iridaceae, so clearly the three plants featured are, despite considerable differences in outward appearance, closely related.
Quite unrelated are Heartsease pansies. These pop up in the rock garden in considerable numbers and, although I have to weed many of them out, they are very welcome. A few, battered by biting winter winds are in flower but the chances of an insect visitor are remote although bumble bees may, later in the year, pay a visit.

Heartsease pansies are blooming too, here pushing through a patch of

 Sea Heath, Frankenia laevis

In fact pollination is unnecessary for violets and pansies also bear cleistogamous flowers. These are non-opening, self-pollinating flowers. This is an advantageous strategy in unfavourable conditions for neither petals nor nectar need to be produced and only a small amount of pollen will suffice - a saving of some importance.

Heartsease. Viola tricolor, is a native British species but is very rare as a genuinely wild plant in Northants although it may, of course, occur as an escape from gardens on waste ground. It has a host of common names from the simple Herb Trinity to Kiss-me-at-the-garden-gate plus at least half a dozen more. The herbalist, Nicholas Culpeper, recommended it for the treatment of 'venereal heart disease' but the name Heartsease generally has more romantic connotations.

It is one of the parents of our common garden pansies. 

Fooled again!

I never seem to learn! Once again I was lured out by brilliant sunshine, only to find that it was a distinctly cold day, made chillier by a brisk wind. Almost inevitably I visited Matt Moser's land but this time heading for Newnham windmill. It sits atop a steep hill and despite the cold I was puffing and blowing by the time I got there. A look across the land to the west made it clear what a task lies ahead of me. If I've got four active years ahead of me I'll only have scratched the surface.

Looking west across Matt Moser's land. 25 January, 2018

On my approach I passed a dead Sorbus species. The only Sorbus native to Northants is the Wild Service tree, Sorbus terminalis, a species largely confined to limestone areas and therefore unlikely to be found in the Daventry area. This skeleton of a tree was unidentifiable to species but had clearly been planted for amenity anyway.

Turkey-tail gets to work on a dead Sorbus tree. 25 January, 2018

It was already displaying fungal attack, rather predictably by Turkey-tail, Trametes versicolor.

Clinging to the side of the hill, slightly below the windmill, is a woodland, edged with a line of Scots Pine, Pinus sylvestris. The woodland is probably planted but the Scots Pine is native of course (although not in Northants), one of Britain's only two native evergreen trees - the other being holly (I did not include box, but since writing this blog I have found evidence that it too may be native.). Much of the deciduous woodland seems to consist of sycamore and there is oak too, but I'll wait for the foliage to develop before establishing just what trees are present.

Pines form a border to a wooded area adjacent to Newnham Windmill.

25 January, 2018

I spent most of the morning rummaging through the leaf litter and ending up with a decent haul of invertebrates, some 75% of which were spiders. Many thousands of snowdrops were present, but although some were in flower others were  perhaps 2-3 weeks behind, suggesting that more than one strain is present. They will, of course, also have been planted.


An exercise in futility? Snowdrop flowers await a passing bee.

25 January, 2018

In the event I recorded six more species: one earwig, a couple of true bugs and three spiders, including the tiny Diplocephalus permixtus - not by any means a rarity but I haven't taken a specimen for some years.

All in all, not a bad session.

Woodford Halse - an odd village

Woodford Halse is a strange place, rather difficult to categorise, and is almost large enough to be called a town. Indeed it would surely be a town by now had the Great Central Railway not disappeared from the area (though arguably the G.C.R. still exists around Loughborough in Leicestershire). Today I visited Woodford with Chris as she had a short appointment there.
Once a small village of 61 houses it grew rapidly with the formation of the Great Central Railway, for it was chosen for the site of a very large motive power depot - invariably called a 'shed' - which in 1948 housed 56 locomotives. With the closure of the railway Woodford Halse was stopped in its tracks but for a settlement of its size it still retains a remarkably wide range of retail outlets.
The railway still retains an influence on the village in many ways. The railway track passed through the village on a high embankment, now covered with trees, and may become - with proper management - an increasingly important site for wildlife. A large proportion of the trees are sycamores but many species are happy to make use of them.

Woodland now covers the embankment leading up to the site of the 'shed'.

Woodford Halse, 23 January, 2018

The embankment was partly necessitated because at this point it crossed the River Cherwell (pronounced Charwell), an important tributary of the River Thames. The river when I visited it today was swollen by rain and melting snow although it is normally just a broad stream.

The youthful River Cherwell had been swollen by recent rains.

Woodford Halse, 23 January, 2018

The low-lying wetland adjacent to the river has recently been developed into an interesting feature called Great Central Woodland. It has attractive walks, although I am bound to say that in late January it wasn't looking at its best.

'Waste' land now forms an attractive habitat.

As for the village, many of the older parts, contemporary with the railway boom, consist of narrow roads bordered by terraces of small houses, fine for the late 19th Century railway worker but increasingly unsatisfactory for the 21st Century. These houses are much what might be found in a large industrial town and look incongruous in a village.

Back streets in Woodford Halse have the look of those in a large town.

23 January, 2018

For some reason I was moved to photograph a Norway Spruce, Picea abies, in the wetland. area. It is not yet a large tree, being only around fifteen feet tall, but is probably growing rapidly and it is worth noting that Europe's tallest native tree is a Norway Spruce. It was perhaps planted out some years ago as a redundant Christmas Tree. The idea of Christmas Trees seems to have originated in Prussia and the word spruce is derived from 'Prussia' via the related word 'pruce'.

A Norway Spruce is a neat feature of the Great Central Woodland.

23 January, 2018

By this time I felt that Chris would be ready to be gathered up so I scurried up into the main street, glad also for an excuse to get out of the drizzling rain.


Tony White. E-mail: diaea@yahoo.co.uk

 

More Matt Mosering

With twenty-one species recorded from Matt Moser's land I'm not sure whether to be pleased or disappointed. It seems a meagre total and yet I remind myself that it is still January and the list includes only one fly - the Holly Leaf Miner, Phytomyza ilicis. To be honest I didn't find the insect but just its very characteristic leaf-mine; very few insects can make use of holly foliage. (I must remember to check for Holly Parachute Marasmius hudsonii, a tiny mushroom sometimes found growing on dead holly leaves on the ground.) 

 

The distinctive blotch-mine of Phytomyza ilicis on holly.

Between Daventry and Newnham. 22 January, 2017

There is a little holly in Matt's hedges and that is interesting for, as I have probably mentioned before, G. Claridge Druce, writing in 1930 (Ref 1) wrote of this species: I know of no native station in Northants. Significantly John Clare, as far as I am aware, makes no mention of holly - and he didn't miss much.
Matt has considerable numbers of sheep, and unfortunately sheep and wildlife make, at best, an uneasy mix. Horses and cattle will consume coarse herbs and thus create light and space for less robust plants. But sheep will come along and eat these more delicate species.


Matt farms large numbers of sheep. They are now untroubled

by my visits

Today I made a bee-line for the Douglas Firs, a clump of which stands in the corner of one field. It has, I feel, considerable potential for invertebrates so another visit seemed justified. An owl pellet lay on a fallen log and I was tempted to gather it for dissection at home.

An owl pellet on an old log beneath Douglas Fir. Matt Moser's  farm.

22 January, 2018

This regurgitated material will contain skulls and teeth of mice, voles and so on but I lack the expertise to deal with it. I might be able to deal with some beetle remains that the pellet would contain but...

One spider I was hoping to record was Malthonica silvestris, aka Tegenaria silvestris. This is a woodland-dwelling spider related to the big House Spiders we often see dashing across our living room on a September evening. M. silvestris is widespread in the south and west of Britain but begins to thin out towards Northants and Leicestershire, so I was pleased to secure a female.

A bright orange-red, very slim centipede proved to be Strigamia acuminata. I had to blow dust from my copy of Eason's book (Ref 2) as Myriapods aren't really my thing, but the identification proved to be straightforward and positive.

I popped the centipede into a collecting pot and was puzzled to see more bright orange-red markings on the outside of the pot. Did this species of centipede release a bright red haemolymph like the Bloody-nosed Beetle, Timarcha tenebicosa? Stupid idea, and as I looked around there was blood on my kneeling-pad and my sweep-net - my blood! That's the trouble with taking blood-thinning tablets; just a slight nick - and that's all it was - and there's scarlet everywhere! Anyway, I'd done enough and I set off home. Bloody but unbowed! 


Incidentally, the result of all this blood-letting was the addition of five more species (1 woodlouse, I centipede, 1 millipede and two beetles) bringing the total to 26.

References


1. Druce, G.C. (1930) The Flora of Northamptonshire T. Buncle & Co, Arbroath
2. Eason, E.H. (1964) Centipedes of the British Isles. Frederick Warne, London

A Golf Club walk

Northampton Golf Club was originally, as you may have guessed, situated in Northampton. Sometime in the 1980's (I've been unable to establish the exact date) the club moved to a new site near to the village of Harlestone. The original site now forms Bradlaugh Fields, an area rich in wildlife and one of the county's most interesting reserves.
Today Chris and I, together with our old friends Ann and Terry, did a circular walk beginning near Lower Harlestone and taking us across the golf course and back to our starting point via Upper Harlestone. It is a walk we have done many times before and it never fails to reveal features of interest.

The Grade II listed stables of Harlestone House, near Northampton.

19 January, 2018

We parked adjacent to The Stables. It is an interesting socio-economic fact that important land owners seemed, in the past, prepared to spend more on their stables than on housing for their tenants. Thank goodness that those days, when a top echelon of our society wielded so much power and influence, are now behind us, so that even the poorest section of the population may now enjoy affordable, high-quality housing!

The walk starts at the pretty village church of St Andrew, with fine yew trees. Trees were to be a feature of the land through which we passed. On the golf course are several magnificent old Sweet Chestnut, Castanea sativa, trees.

Gnarled old specimens of Sweet Chestnuts are found on the golf course.

Harlestone. 19 January, 2018

Neither Sweet Chestnuts nor the completely unrelated Horse Chestnuts are native to Britain, but this doesn't stop them from being important features of our landscape. Some fine oaks were also prominent.

Oaks can look similar (they are in the same family). Harlestone, Northants.

19 January, 2018

Interesting plants were not confined to the parkland, with a Garrya elliptica gracing a cottage wall. Garryas are dioecious, the plant being either male or female, and invariably the male, with longer catkins, is the gender chosen. The species seems best placed against a wall, where a little shelter from biting winds is available.

Garrya elliptica occupied a favourable spot on a cottage wall.

Harlestone. 19 January, 2018

Some of the fields were flooded but hopefully no measures will be taken to improve the drainage. Sites regularly subject to flooding often support interesting communities of plants and insects and in my youth such wet areas would attract snipe. The photograph shows a small stream to the right displaying significant downward erosion.

Flooded land like this is now unlikely to attract snipe.

Harlestone, Northants. 19 January, 2018

Our usual route was interrupted at one point by a fallen tree. Strong winds on recent days have brought down a number of trees in the area, particularly where they were carrying a heavy growth of ivy. Anyway, the consequence was that we were forced to detour through a patch of woodland. An old tree stump was covered in the fruiting bodies of the Candlesnuff Fungus, Xylaria hypoxylon.

Candlesnuff Fungus on an old stump. Harlestone. 19 January, 2018

It is also known by a number of other names - Carbon Antlers, Stag's Horn Fungus, etc - but whatever its name it is a very common and distinctive feature of decaying hardwood. If I were to return in a few week I would probably find that these fruiting bodies had divided to look much like the antlers of a stag.

We returned to our cars and then went for lunch at a nearby garden centre. It sells books, birthday cards, clothing, jams and other preserves, fish and aquarium paraphernalia together of course with a restaurant. On a good day you may even find that there are plants for sale!